interesting programming languages

Let’s start in brief. Quantum computing offers immense advantages over traditional (classical) computing in particular domains like cryptography, physical simulations, and highly-parallelisable problems like solving systems of equations. A sample "Hello, World!" There's a "Hello, World!" Golfing languages are used in code golf, a competition where users try to write a program with the smallest source code possible, usually measured in bytes. An esoteric programming language (sometimes shortened to esolang ) is a computer programming language designed either as a test of the boundaries of programming language design, to experiment with weird ideas or simply as a joke, rather than for practical reasons. R is open-source software. If you've ever had to track a hand-raised vote or keep track of wins and losses in a series of games, you may have used tallies. The opcode number gives the number of times (given by # in the below table) that the chicken keyword must appear (separated by spaces) in order to represent that specific instruction: When the program stops, whatever happens to be on the stack is printed to the screen (this is common in languages designed for code golfing). The frumious Bandersnatch!". The big five—Java, C, C++, Python, and C#—remain on top, with their ranking undisturbed, but C has edged to within a whisper of knocking Java off the top spot. Seed will then attempt to run that random string as a Befunge program. According to the Stack Overflow Developer Survey of 2018 where more than 100,000 developers are surveyed about their development career. Thank you. The traditional logical AND, OR, and NOT gates are replaced by Hadamard gates, Toffoli gates, and Pauli X, Y, Z gates. I have noticed that some people decide that the bug is in the specification, and others decide the bug is in the implementation; it certainly makes Malbolge harder to use, and fragments the user community (such as it is). Emoji-based languages have existed since at least 2015, it looks like. Named after the eighth circle of Hell from Dante's Inferno, Malbolge is a language specifically designed to be nearly impossible to use. Lisp doesn't belong here. could be written like: You can see the > v, and < characters, which literally point in the direction that the code should be interpreted / compiled. The TIOBE Programming Community index is an indicator of the popularity of programming languages. In Befunge, the user defines "arrow" instructions to move pointers around the program. Velato source code is written in MIDI files -- the pitch and ordering of notes determines the action of the program. All visible characters (digits, letters, punctuation, etc.)

It has been used in some very interesting projects: If you ask Randal Schwartz, he’ll explain you why Squeak and Smalltalk are at least worth a look. The languages may follow a particular paradigm or can be a combination of many paradigms. (There's also a ^ character which is not used here.). Programming Throwdown attempts to educate Computer Scientists and Software Engineers on a cavalcade of programming and tech topics. Top 10 Most Popular programming Languages(Best Coding Language) 27. Another major The objective of this work is to present an organized trend in programming languages today is the notion of collection of readable articles and language reference concurrent execution which is the subject of Section S. ... I still love Commonlisp. I just found out that there is a CL read-eval-print-loop (REPL) for Android, and am now playing with lisp on my phone. Woo... 5 Must-Know Programming Languages and How to Master ThemPython. Easy to use and versatile, Python is used extensively in data science and machine learning. ...Google Go. This relative newcomer is optimized for multi-core processors, meaning it provides better performance than some older languages.Java. ...JavaScript. ...Ruby on Rails. ... Ethereum has Solidity, and there’s also a use for JavaScript, Go, PHP, Quorum, C#, and Ride. In part 2, I put together a list of lists. First, modern programming languages are developed to take the full advantages of modern computer hardware (Multi-Core CPU, GPU, TPU), mobile devices, large-set of data, fast networking, Container, and Cloud.Also, most of the modern programming languages offer much higher developer Ergonomics as given below:. program in legit looks like: Notice that there are two lines which say "Hello World", and the second one has a "!" Мы практикуем демократичную ценовую политику, о чем свидетельствуют наши цены на стоматологические услуги. from red -> dark yellow), that encodes a "subtract" action. I define "Fun" as being able to make my code do whatever I want, despite it looking like whatever I want. I've always felt that I can do this best...

Once the category is selected, the particular command in that category is selected with another sequence of tabs, spaces, and line feeds. from red -> yellow) as we move along the image, that encodes an "add" action. double wide instruction. Because C has been around forever, it’s had a strong influence on some other programming languages, too. Because it runs on the Java Virtual Machine, you also get Java interoperability for free, in a more Lispy flavour. 5) Random Number Generator. Whitespace code is written one command at a time, where a particular sequence of tabs, spaces, and line feeds indicates a certain category of commands -- I/O, stack manipulation, arithmetic. Made up of well-researched and interesting quiz questions, each and every quiz here can test your awareness and grasp of the subject. Found inside – Page 202A good general reference for object-oriented programming techniques is Meyer [1997], which uses the interesting object-oriented language Eiffel, which you have not studied in this chapter. Budd [1997] and Booch [1994] describe ... The above list manipulates several other lists by appending them to one another, in order. Although I’m a bit reluctant to deal with anything related to Java nowadays, Clojure’s approach makes it more appealing. Computer Programming Quizzes & Trivia. If you’re not sure what extension methods are, they allow us to tack on methods to existing classes without extending th… For example, a Befunge "Hello, World!" [ source ]. legit. I'm interested in "interesting" programming languages - languages whose semantics are based heavily in mathematics and whose aesthetics are as important as their computational power. Additionally, the OCaml Batteries Included project was created as an attempt to bundle a standard set of commonly-used library together with the language core.

Top 10 Programming Languages In 2019 1. Java – the undisputed winner 2. The good old C programming language 3. Python – on the rise 4. C++ continues to dominate 5. C# – Game developers’ favorite 6. Visual Basic .NET 7. JavaScript is an essential 8. PHP for Web Development 9. Objective-C 10. SQL to manage database Below is my curated list of 20 interesting, beautiful, and disorienting programming languages. Forth is built around a single stack. Programmers Any other character which appears in a brainfuck program is assumed to be a comment and is ignored. A "Hello, World!" You can use the functional programming paradigm in machine learning, modeling of speech, computer vision, etc. The History of Computer Programming (transcript) The history of coding is as complex as it is interesting. A "Hello World!" Programming with Constraints: An Introduction If the answer is yes, then you should take a look at this list again. Aren't functions, strings, and numbers just particular kinds of atoms? (D♭, D♭♭, and) Velato. All numbers are binary encoded (space = 0, tab = 1) and all characters are indicated by their ASCII indices (again, binary encoded, so tab-space-space-space-space-tab-tab is 1000011 or 67 or C). The more I learn about LISP, the more I like it. Brainfuck (sometimes styled brainf___, brainf***, or just BF) is the poster child for esoteric programming languages (esolangs). 5 emerging programming languages with a bright future. Found inside – Page 180In conclusion , therefore , RUSSELL is a very interesting programming language , one which deserves further study , for it has other interesting aspects apart from its type polymorphism ; but we shall not discuss it further here . Coding Challenges to Help You Train Joke language list First, modern programming languages are developed to take the full advantages of modern computer hardware (Multi-Core CPU, GPU, TPU), mobile devices, large-set of data, fast networking, Container, and Cloud.Also, most of the modern programming languages offer much higher developer Ergonomics as given below:. Now extensively updated for the C++11, C++14, and C++17 standards, this new edition presents state-of-the-art techniques for a wider spectrum of applications. New generics, including Hash, Pot, Coke, and Crystal. Coding a random number generator with Python is another great programming project idea. But the other .5% of programming is disproportionately interesting. I hope this list can aid you in the right direction, whichever it may be. A slow-paced introduction to the Io language, Ruby’s Roots: Smalltalk Comeback and Randal Schwartz on Smalltalk, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, You debug, inspect and interact your code inside squeak, You can install Squeak on virtually any platform, including mobile phones, fairly easily. What Are The Programming Languages Required To Make ... A paradigm is a way of doing something (like programming), not a concrete thing (like a language). The text illuminates key programming constructs with significant examples, focusing on principles of the language, such as optional typing and pure object-orientation. Unique Features of Various Programming Languages If you like terse C (or C++) code, you should check out this ray-tracing code that fits on the back of a business card. The space (ASCII 32), tab (ASCII 9) and line feed (ASCII 10) characters are the only characters which carry any meaning in a Whitespace program. Not every language needs to be declarative, or functional, or object-oriented. It goes without saying that with these premise, Erlang seems the most natural answer to all concurrency problems you may encounter in your life as a programmer. Learn about core features offered by application frameworks, the most common frameworks for each language, and find hosting for your language and framework. Natural language is the language spoken by people, while programming language is intended for machines. The content of the repository itself is completely ignored. There are eight commands in the BF language specification. INTERCAL. The index is updated once a month. The top tier would include the mainstream languages such as Java, JavaScript, Python, Ruby, PHP, C#, C++, and Objective-C. As we said in the first preface to the first edition, C wears well as one's experience with it grows. With a decade more experience, we still feel that way. We hope that this book will help you to learn C and use it well. I love me a good esolang. Best of all, it’s free: you simply have no real excuse not to read it.

the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Got a Ph.D. looking for dark matter, but not finding any. The Most Unique/Fun Programming Languages That Have Ever ... There are a huge range of possibilities, as the above list attests to. Unary has the same commands as BF, but they're encoded in a unary numeral system -- that is, a system which only has a single symbol. Or try it out in this web REPL.). Caveats? The history of C programming language is quite interesting. More specifically, Lua’s tables provide a simple but powerful way to create arrays, hashes and even classes (or better, prototypes).

It is implemented in C, but Ola Bini started to design a similar language called Ioke for the Java Virtual Machine. This language is what it sounds like, it's a derivative of the Unary programming language. That being said, if you are looking for a challenging (but very rewarding, I believe) New Year’s Resolution, you should definitely go for this. GitHub compiled data from a survey of over 12,000 developers to track which programming languages are most popular among developers and better understand how language popularity has … This text provides a comprehensive introduction both to type systems in computer science and to the basic theory of programming languages. Thanks for the clarification, Mike! The lines (or "wires") aren't passive in Funciton, and T-junctions define splitters, when the input comes in as the perpendicular line of the T-junction... ...as well as NAND gates, when the output is the perpendicular line: Using just the splitter and the NAND gate, we can define NOT, AND, OR, and XOR, which allow us to then define any additional conceivable functions: If Funcitown sounds interesting to you, I suggest you check out its esolangs wiki page, or, just marvel at this implementation of "99 bottles of beer", written in Funciton.

Malbolge programs use base-3 arithmetic (so there are tritwise operations instead of bitwise ones), alter and encrypt their own source code, and are actively sabotaged by bug-features in the implementation and specification. Маленьких пациентов в нашем центре лечат самые лучшие специалисты – фанаты своего дела, любящие детей, имеющие специальное образование для этого. The Labyrinth. I would love to see a Factory debugger that actually shows the claw moving around the factory, picking up bits and dropping them off in different locations. This list of programming projects covers multiple programming languages from tech leaders committed to helping others. In many modern programming languages, comparing values is a simple process. Q# code looks quite similar to C# code, and Microsoft have provided lots of helpful documentation and examples for you to get started.

Of course, they’re completely unnecessary for such a trivial program, but I did get a chance to learn of their existence. Kotlin is used to develop applications for the Android OS. chicken.

This earns Javascript the first place as the most popular Arthur Whitney who later developed K and Q languages wrote a, Iverson got a Turing Award for his work on APL and programming language notation. Completed by 5,496 CodinGamers. Ruby. The fact that the syntax uses only a subset of these types does not mean that the language doesn't have them. It's probably not the most useful programming language, but it's definitely unique. Weird programming languages come to life when programmers push language design conventions, and most of them are not easy to use. in ASCII characters: And a "Hello, World!" Even at the most fundamental level, quantum programming differs from classical programming. Found inside – Page 61C, as several other action languages, is interesting as it provides well studied foundations for knowledge ... We also report challenging domains for C. There have been many agent programming languages such as the BDI agent programming ... The goal of the application is to randomly generate a number at the user’s request. Last but not least is Fetlang, a very NSFW language whose source code resembles fetish erotica, and is "licensed under the BSDM (BSD, modified) license". A programming language might be designed for easy vectorisation of data, or easy multithreading, or performance. I tried to learn Haskell in the past. If you have to write an end-user, desktop GUI application which will always run on Windows and which needs to inteface with Microsoft technologies, you’ll choose C# over Haskell, there’s no doubt about that. This article deals with ten possible candidates, and it’s far from being an exhaustive list. The History of Computer Programming (transcript) The history of coding is as complex as it is interesting. Sadly, I’m still not able to fully grasp some of its most crucial concepts, such as monads, but this still doesn’t put me off wishing to learn the language.

Io is a relatively new programming language by Steve Dekorte which recently surfaced from Google’s oblivion (if you tried googling for it a few months ago, you couldn’t event find its home page) thanks to a short vut stimulating article by _why. APL. brainfuck. Found inside – Page 104Of course, it would be interesting to apply the presented mechanism to other programming languages. A good candidate may be an implementation of Ada, since this language is widely used in hard real-time and safety-critical domains. I started programming since I was 8 and now I'm 20. Recently, Google proclaimed quantum supremacy with an algorithm that ran on their 54-qubit Sycamore quantum processor in just 200 seconds. 1. Inductive sets of data 2. Data abstraction 3. Expressions 4. State 5. Continuation-passing interpreters 6. Continuation-passing style 7. Types 8. Modules 9. Objects and classes. Some examples of structured programming hypotheses: Control structures should be hierarchical. Wolfram|Alpha tells me that this number is equivalent to. -  Предоставление сметы на лечение до начала лечения! Мы стараемся, чтобы такое понятие, как «качество жизни» было не мифом, а реальностью. The above /// program will search the string Hello, NAME! It is not a matter of simply learning a new programming language to learn quantum computing, but rather like learning an entirely new, extremely difficult skill (with a lot of mathematics and physics behind it). You've expended this to two types, lists and atoms. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Even so, the above 2+3 program in this language would be quite long, as the name of this programming language is 238 characters. In the late to early 90s that is what we used to program fun muds and graphing geometry; which at the time was pretty radical. Besides its very elegant, pragmatic and almost-magical syntax, what really intrigues me about this language is what it offers, in terms of features: The catch?

To sum it up: weird programming languages are languages used to challenge one’s skills. I’ve used many languages in my 30+ years in IT and I have to say I’ve had the most fun using Python, Go, and Smalltalk… Python, because when it’s c...

1| Python Is Ruling. The effect would be no less devastating for the programmer having been correct. Funciton is a flowchart-like, two-dimensional language.

The creator of Malbolge, Ben Olmstead, says that if he could make the language more difficult to code in, he would: "I know there is a mismatch between the documented and implemented tables. When you think of the aesthetics of source code, you probably think about whitespace. Esoteric programming languages (Esolang) are those languages which are created for fun, and to showcase their entertaining purpose weird names are given to them.

The following C code: ...can be compressed dramatically with APL: APL uses vectorised operations to add 3 to every element of the array created by ⍳4. (Launched in 2012.) Funciton is a programming language whose name looks like someone misspelled "function" and which I always pronounce as "funky town" in my head when I read it. But some language designers have decided to make "better" use of the 2D space in which these languages can be written and displayed, allowing source code to be read left-to-right, top-to-bottom, or diagonally.

The first note of the program is the "root note", which can be changed by playing the note a major second interval from the root note. Play around with a functional language (Logo is a fun toy one if you can find it), to get a firm understanding of the mathematical constructs that underlay higher level languages. Write a legit quine: "Write a legit program that prints the Git commands required to create itself! As Funciton programs are rotation-invariant, there are five possible kinds of boxes: If a box has no connectors, then no data can be passed to it or read from it, so that box becomes a comment: A box with a single line emanating from it is either a literal or is requesting input from STDIN: "Rotation-invariant" means that the above 42 can be written as, ...and it means the same thing (a literal number 42) in each case. It may not end well (so far I attempted to learn Haskell twice, with no luck), but I promise you it will be worthwhile, in the long run. Because it can be executed in any one of four directions (left-to-right, right-to-left, top-to-bottom, or bottom-to-top), and because it provides facilities for self-modifying code, it can be extremely difficult for a compiler to reason about Befunge source code. And for the fifteen people on the planet who want to get INTERCAL working with .NET, you're in luck -- someone's had enough free time to make that a reality. In the cryptocurrency world, common programming languages are C, C++, Java, Python, and Perl. Even if you’re particularly devoted to one of the languages mentioned above, it is normal to be curious about what else is out there. Found inside – Page 2723rd European Symposium on Programming, ESOP 2014, Held as Part of the European Joint Conferences on Theory and ... 1 The Promise of Rank Polymorphism Behind every interesting programming language is an interesting model of computation. Real World OCaml takes you through the concepts of the language at a brisk pace, and then helps you explore the tools and techniques that make OCaml an effective and practical tool. 20 Intriguing, Unusual, and Goofy Programming Languages. The interesting wrinkle is that you don’t need to use TypeScript to use Angular. Cars cannot move through walls ##, but instead follow the path .. and have actions performed on them by functions, which are composed of two capital letters and are defined within the source code but outside of the maze, as seen above (PP, MM, etc.). They aim to share information & programming practice. A programming language is mainly used to develop desktop applications, websites, and mobile applications. ⍳4 creates the array [1, 2, 3, 4], and 3+⍳4 adds 3 to each element of that array, to get [4, 5, 6, 7].

So each of the four boxes above writes 42, converted to the character *, to STDOUT. Currently the world’s most popular programming language.2 Many leading languages are derivatives, including C#, Java, JavaScript, Perl, PHP, and Python. Theoretically. If you develop sites or applications for the Web, this book is an absolute must. programmingthrowdown.com 1957: Fortran "Beware the Jabberwock, my son! The 10 Weirdest Programming Languages. Several technical advances have been achieved recently in the pursuit of powerful quantum computers. In this book, the author has chosen Caml and C. To understand the principles of programming languages, it is also important to learn how to precisely define the meaning of a program, and tools for doing so are discussed. In spite of this, some enthusiasts have somehow managed to write Seed programs which actually do useful (?) The language's creators summarise it as follows: "The characters in the play are variables.

It is known for having code that is both readable and simple so that it is not too overcomplicated. Write articles, tutorials, books, educate and evangelize: ultimately, that will be your greatest reward.

And some are designed so that the only keyword is chicken. Object-oriented languages. All Grass source code is written using only the characters w, W, and v: Other language designers require their source code to resemble some kind of ASCII art, like DNA# (a play on C#), which has source code that looks like DNA double-helices: If you're interested in these kinds of languages, there are many descriptions for as-yet-unimplemented programming languages like these over at esolangs.org, including: ...Cactusi, whose source code should look like cactuses in a desert (or the Google Chrome dinosaur game). Being a technical writer, I immediately became fond of the PLT Scheme Guide, one of the clearest and most well-organized examples of documentation available for a programming language I’ve ever come across. Despite being statically typed, OCaml offers some of the features which are common in dynamically typed languages like Ruby, such as duck typing, the possibility of creating Domain-Specific Languages and even extending the language syntax with custom operators and constructs. Zardotab. Well, sure they're atomic values. Any list of highly functional programming languages is probably going … Definition. Here are 6 programming languages I thought were interesting – and some of the weirdest or most obscure! Top Trending.

Additionally, it’s also compatible with Java: so if you use Java for work, trying out Scala for pleasure is definitely the most logical next step, especially if you want to experiment with functional programming in the meantime. This means that macros -- code which manipulates and runs other bits of code -- are common among LISP developers. If you think Ruby allows fancy (and potentially dirty) tricks like metaprogramming and monkey-patching, Io takes this to a whole different level, imposing virtually no limitation to the programmer. I need to do some more research... No problem. If you want to learn what it consists of, the weirdness of weird languages is a good clue to follow. The webpage consists of more than 1000 problems which are further divided into eight big categories. Passionate about databases, distributed systems and functional programming. Google Dart has enjoyed a spike in GitHub usage in 2019. INTERCAL is a very forgiving language, though. It is evident that each of them has evolved from the other with an amalgamation of various programming paradigms. That language is called -- creatively enough -- Whitespace. An esoteric programming language is a programming language designed to challenge the norms of language design.It is a language designed to make a point.The point could be anything: the challenge itself of creating something unusual, making an elaborate joke, creating a language as an artistic expression, testing promising ideas for programming, etc. The theoretical foundations of quantum computing were laid by Paul Benioff, Richard Feynman, and many others in the early 1980s, but it's only recently that engineering has caught up to theory and the construction of quantum computers like the IBM Q has become possible. For reference, a minimal-ish palindrome-detecting program written in Java might look like: I've left whitespace in for clarity, but in a real code golf competition, we would compress this to: ...and count the bytes in the solution. Some drawbacks: Typing is strict. While D♭ would have offered these (and more) improvements on the C# language, D♭♭ would have provided similar benefits (presumably) over the C language. for Malbolge wasn't written, it was discovered eight years after the language was released by a beam search algorithm, exploring the space of all possible Malbolge programs until one was found to produce the correct output. Still, Microsoft has attempted to make the transition from classical programming to quantum programming as smooth as possible with their Q# programming language, first released to the public in late 2017. Here’s a list of a few well-known languages I’ve worked with and some of the more interesting features I’ve encountered: Because the program only depends on transitions between colors, and not the colors themselves, or the direction of movement across the "canvas", programs can be very simple or very "artistic". I've grouped J and Jelly together because the developers behind Jelly say they were influenced primarily by the J programming language, and J was designed by... Kenneth E. Iverson, creator of APL.

Learn from the best. And some Whitespace programs have surely been hidden in the source code for other languages. Usually it's the latest one I'm learning. But that changes quite often, so I cannot use that as an answer. Not to mention there are exceptions here... If you program for fun or profit, chances are that you know C, C++, Java, PHP, Perl, Python or Ruby. So loops, which are run multiple times, will degrade and change their meaning over the course of the program.

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